Did you know a child as young as four can have melanoma, a skin cancer so aggressive, that doctors categorize the condition by itself? Or that even after a mole is removed, melanoma can still return in other places—like the lymph nodes or the lungs—in five to 10 years? So, naturally prevention is key. In addition, with early diagnosis and treatment, a good recovery is probable.

The cells at risk are called melanocytes. These cells create melanin, responsible for skin pigment and protection from ultraviolet rays. When these cells receive too much ultraviolet light, whether from the sun or exposure to tanning beds, they go haywire and grow abnormally. The melanocytes can become cancerous, resulting in melanoma.

People who are fair skinned are at higher risk, because they have lower amounts of melanin and need greater protection. Those living in southwestern states where exposure to UV rays is strong are also at risk as well as people with weakened immune systems such as HIV/AIDS patients and people who have a family history of melanoma. Anyone who has suffered a severe sunburn from childhood or recent years should give his or her skin a good thorough examination. Also, keep in mind that people with darker skin types are also vulnerable. It’s tremendously important to make an appointment with a dermatologist regularly to have your moles inspected.

• Dysplastic Nevi are unusual moles that may lead to melanoma. They can appear as a combination of tan, brown, red/pink moles and are often larger than 5 millimeters across, about ¼ inch.
• Ordinary moles are round or oval and have a concise edge that separates them from the rest of the skin whereas Dysplastic Nevi have irregular edges and blend into the skin.
• Regular moles start as smooth spots on the skin and may become raised, creating a tiny bump. Dysplastic Nevi tend to have a scaly, rough, or rocky surface but can also be smooth.
• The typical number of moles is usually between 10 and 40 on a person’s body. Dysplastic Nevi are found in large numbers (100 or more), although someone may have only a few.
• In men, harmful moles are often found between the shoulders and hips, neck and head area. In women, they typically appear on the lower legs, shoulders and hips.

New moles are important to keep tabs on and any changes in the size, shape, or color of an existing mole should be considered. Again, see a dermatologist for annual check-ups to ensure your skin is healthy.

You may be surprised to find that sunless tanning is also risky. According to the Cleveland Clinic, “Even airbrush tanning or using self-tanning creams increases risk, because the chemical stimulates the skin to produce pigment.” In their article, the Cleveland Clinic recommends wearing long sleeved shirts, pants, and hats—try cotton clothes, because they’re cooler.

With SPF, the higher the number, the more protection. Check out the Obagi-C SunGuard 30 for ultra sun protection, Pevonia Hydrating Sunscreen SPF 30, infused with vitamins E, C, and B, and SkinCeuticals Physical UV Defense SPF 30 for protection from UVA and UVB rays.